1 Introduction

Fresh-eating maize, commonly known as sweet corn, is a critical crop globally due to its dual utility as a food and economic commodity. It is valued for its rich taste, high nutritional content, and adaptability to different agro-climatic conditions. Its significance extends beyond food security to its use in various industries such as biofuel, animal feed, and processed foods (Yadava et al., 2017). The increasing demand for fresh corn underscores the need for efficient production systems (Domiciano et al., 2021).

Standardized cultivation systems aim to harmonize agronomic practices to maximize yield, improve product quality, and ensure environmental sustainability. These systems integrate precise planting densities, optimized fertilization, and pest management strategies to address the growing global demand (Testa et al., 2016; Li et al., 2022). Furthermore, a well-defined system supports resilience against climate change by promoting stress-tolerant varieties and adaptive farming practices (Kausch et al., 2021).

This study systematically combs and optimized the standardized cultivation system of fresh corn, and improved the yield and quality of fresh corn by constructing scientific and standardized cultivation techniques, so as to meet the growing market demand for high-quality fresh corn. The research tries to integrate key technologies such as soil management, sowing and planting, water and fertilizer control, and integrated pest prevention and control, explore the application of precision agriculture and intelligent management technology in fresh corn planting, and improve the efficiency of resource utilization and production efficiency. The research is of great significance for the industrialization development of fresh corn, the improvement of agricultural production efficiency and the ecological environment protection. Fresh corn has become an important economic crop worldwide for its unique flavor, nutritional value and economic benefit. In the context of global climate change, this study focuses on the development of highly adaptable standardized cultivation techniques, which can not only improve the production capacity of fresh corn under adverse conditions such as drought and high temperature, but also provide scientific support and technical support for food security and agricultural development.

2 Ecological and Environmental Requirements for Fresh Corn Cultivation

2.1 Basic requirements for fresh corn growth

Fresh corn (Zea mays L.) requires specific ecological conditions to thrive. Key factors include adequate water supply, nutrient-rich soil, and sufficient sunlight. Corn has high water-use efficiency but demands substantial water for optimal growth, making water availability a critical determinant of cultivation success. Nutrient requirements are also significant, with a particular need for nitrogen, which can be supplied through both manufactured fertilizers and organic materials such as animal manure. Additionally, the soil must be well-drained and rich in organic matter to support healthy root development and nutrient uptake (Babu et al., 2020).

2.2 The impact of regional environmental characteristics on cultivation management

Regional environmental characteristics, such as climate, soil type, and topography, significantly influence corn cultivation management. For instance, in high rainfall areas like the Eastern Himalayas, appropriate land configuration (e.g., broad bed and furrow systems) and organic nutrient management (e.g., farmyard manure combined with vermicompost) are essential for maintaining soil health and maximizing yield (Zhao et al., 2020). In contrast, in regions with less rainfall, such as Ardabil province in Iran, water management becomes crucial, and only certain areas with adequate rainfall and suitable temperatures are viable for corn cultivation (Ghanbari et al., 2021). Additionally, the use of bio-fertilizers and plant-based insecticides can mitigate adverse ecological impacts in regions like Laguna, Philippines, where traditional inorganic fertilizers and pesticides are commonly used (Capo et al., 2023).

2.3 Ecological needs and management priorities at different growth stages

Corn's ecological needs and management priorities vary across its growth stages. During the early growth stages, adequate water and nutrient supply are critical for establishing strong seedlings. As the plant matures, managing soil moisture and nutrient levels becomes essential to support rapid vegetative growth and cob development (Drobitko and Kachanova, 2023). Environmental stressors, such as high temperatures and low humidity, can adversely affect yield and quality, necessitating stress management practices like the application of abscisic acid (ABA) to enhance stress tolerance. Additionally, during the silking stage, effective pest management using plant-based insecticides can reduce insect infestation and improve yield quality. Long-term fertilization strategies, including the use of organic and inorganic amendments, can sustain soil health and productivity under changing climatic conditions (Figure 1) (Abbas et al., 2021).

3 Selection and Adaptability of Fresh Corn Varieties

3.1 Common high-quality fresh corn varieties and their characteristics

Several high-quality fresh corn varieties have been identified for their superior yield, adaptability, and stability across different environments. For instance, the single-cross hybrid BRS 1055 has shown productive superiority and high stability in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, making it a reliable choice for growers in that region (Oliveira et al., 2017). Similarly, the local hybrid variety Bisi-18 demonstrated the highest dry shelled yield at 5.9 t/ha under shade stress conditions, followed closely by Nasa 29 and JH 37 varieties, which also exhibited strong adaptability and yield performance (Jauhari et al., 2022). In Russia, early-maturing hybrids such as 140/26, 140/28, and 100/28 have been noted for their high grain yield and stability, making them suitable for regions with short growing seasons.

3.2 Standardized requirements for variety selection

The selection of fresh corn varieties should adhere to standardized requirements to ensure high yield, adaptability, and stability. These requirements include evaluating the genetic parameters of the varieties using methodologies such as REML/Blup to predict genetic values and assess the harmonic mean of relative performance. Additionally, multi-environment trials are essential to identify genotypes with high ecological plasticity and stability, as demonstrated by the hybrids 140/24, 140/28, and 100/26, which were recommended for intensive growing conditions due to their high stability and plasticity (Orlyanskaya et al., 2023). Furthermore, the selection process should consider genotype-by-environment interactions (GEIs) to identify hybrids that perform well across different environments, as seen in the study conducted in West Java, where the G2 maize hybrid was identified as a stable high-yield variety.

3.3 Techniques and case studies for screening regionally adaptive varieties

Screening for regionally adaptive fresh corn varieties involves several techniques and case studies. One effective method is conducting multi-environment trials to evaluate the adaptability and stability of different hybrids. For example, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, trials were carried out in seven environments over four growing seasons to identify cultivars with high adaptability and stability, such as the BRS 1055 hybrid (Ruswandi et al., 2023). Another technique is the use of split-split plot randomized block designs to assess the adaptability of varieties under different environmental conditions, as seen in the study conducted in Kalices Village, Kendal Regency, where the local hybrid variety Bisi-18 showed the highest yield under 20% shade stress (Yang et al., 2021). Additionally, the application of selection indices, such as the breeding value of the cultivar (Svc) and the selection value index of the cultivar (Ssvi), can help identify regionally oriented genotypes, as demonstrated in the multi-environment trial conducted in Russia. These techniques, combined with case studies, provide valuable insights into the selection of regionally adaptive fresh corn varieties.

4 Core Elements of Standardized Cultivation Techniques

4.1 Soil management and fertility optimization

Effective soil management and fertility optimization are crucial for enhancing maize yield. Various studies have demonstrated the importance of soil physical properties and nutrient content in promoting root growth and overall plant health. For instance, moldboard plowing before winter wheat sowing and no tillage before summer maize sowing significantly improved soil bulk density and penetration resistance, leading to better root development and higher yields (Li et al., 2019). Additionally, optimized fertilization practices, such as the one-time application of new compound fertilizers at specific growth stages, have been shown to increase soil organic matter and total nitrogen content, thereby enhancing root activity and maize yield (Figure 2) (Zheng et al., 2023).

Figure 2 The Pearson correlation coefficient between leaf source characteristics and yield of soil properties under different cultivation modes (Adopted from Zheng et al., 2023)

4.2 Sowing and planting density techniques

Sowing techniques and planting density play a pivotal role in maize cultivation. Ridge-furrow systems with plastic mulching have been found to significantly improve soil water storage and yield components compared to flat planting methods (Li et al., 2022). Moreover, zigzag planting combined with deep nitrogen fertilization has been shown to optimize root distribution and canopy structures, resulting in higher maize yields compared to traditional linear planting methods (Wang et al., 2019). Adjusting planting density and row spacing can further enhance nutrient absorption and dry matter accumulation, contributing to increased grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency.

4.3 Water and nutrient management techniques

Water and nutrient management are essential for maximizing maize productivity, especially in semi-arid regions. Ridge-furrow mulching systems (RFMS) have been widely adopted for their ability to improve soil moisture and temperature, leading to better seedling establishment and higher yields. Additionally, the combination of ridge-furrow systems with appropriate nitrogen levels has been shown to enhance water use efficiency (WUE) and grain filling rates, thereby increasing maize yields (Zheng et al., 2023). Optimized fertilization practices, such as the application of organic nitrogen sources and the timing of fertilizer application, can further improve maize yield and soil productivity.

4.4 Growth regulation and field management

Growth regulation and field management practices are vital for maintaining high maize yields. Techniques such as regulating root growth and lodging resistance through nutrient strategies and farming practices have been shown to improve soil water storage and yield components. Additionally, the use of ridge-furrow systems with different ridge-to-furrow ratios can enhance water conservation and WUE, making them suitable for rain-fed semi-arid areas (Wang et al., 2020). Field management practices, including the timing of tillage and the use of mulching, can also significantly impact soil properties and root growth, ultimately affecting maize yield.

5 Construction and Promotion of a Standardized Cultivation System

5.1 Integration and standardization of fresh corn cultivation techniques

The integration and standardization of fresh corn cultivation techniques are essential for enhancing productivity and sustainability. Various studies have demonstrated the benefits of integrated systems in improving crop performance and environmental sustainability. For instance, the use of integrated crop-livestock systems (ICL) has been shown to increase biomass production and nutrient cycling, which in turn enhances crop productivity (Silva et al., 2023). Additionally, the application of integrated nitrogen management strategies, combining organic and inorganic fertilizers with biofertilizers, has significantly improved crop yields and soil organic carbon content in maize-wheat cropping systems. These integrated approaches not only boost productivity but also contribute to the long-term sustainability of agricultural practices.

5.2 Technology promotion models and regional adaptability studies

Effective technology promotion models and regional adaptability studies are crucial for the successful implementation of standardized cultivation systems. In Northern Thailand, sustainable maize production practices have been promoted through face-to-face interviews and local-specific interventions, highlighting the importance of government support and community engagement (Phuphisith et al., 2021). Similarly, in the Lao-Vietnamese border region, involving maize traders in the value chain has proven effective in disseminating sustainable agricultural technologies, although additional incentives and oversight are necessary (Capo et al., 2023). These examples underscore the need for tailored promotion models that consider regional socio-economic and environmental conditions to ensure the widespread adoption of sustainable practices.

5.3 Contributions of a standardized cultivation system to sustainable agriculture

Standardized cultivation systems contribute significantly to sustainable agriculture by optimizing resource use and minimizing environmental impacts. For example, the use of high-use efficiency crop practices, such as starter fertilization and biostimulant seed treatments, has been shown to enhance early plant vigor and grain yield in maize, thereby promoting sustainable intensification (Sarwar et al., 2021). Additionally, the adoption of climate adaptation strategies, such as improved management practices and the use of drought-tolerant maize varieties, can mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on crop yields (Sah et al., 2020). These standardized systems not only improve agricultural productivity but also support environmental sustainability by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing soil health.

6 Case Studies of Fresh Corn Production

6.1 Analysis of regional success stories

In North Italy, a 22-hectare field cultivated with corn for over ten years demonstrated significant yield improvements through the use of digital agriculture solutions. The implementation of variable rate application (VRA) of nitrogen, guided by prescription maps and soil moisture sensors, resulted in a 31% increase in corn yield and a 23% reduction in nitrogen application over a decade. This case highlights the potential of precision agriculture to enhance productivity and sustainability in corn farming (Kayad et al., 2021).

In the Eastern Himalayan Region of India, a long-term study on baby corn production revealed that the broad bed and furrow land configuration, combined with organic nutrient management, significantly improved yield and quality. The study found that this approach led to higher fresh baby corn yield, better soil health, and increased economic returns, demonstrating the effectiveness of tailored land and nutrient management practices in high rainfall areas (Li, 2024a).

6.2 The role of standardized cultivation systems in improving yield and quality

Standardized cultivation systems, such as the use of winter cover crops (WCCs), have shown to positively impact corn yields. A meta-analysis of studies from the USA and Canada indicated that legume WCCs could increase corn yields by 30% to 33% under low nitrogen fertilization or no-tillage systems. This suggests that integrating WCCs into standardized cultivation practices can enhance soil fertility and crop productivity (Barriviera et al., 2023).

In the Western U.S. Corn Belt, the adoption of high-yield irrigated maize systems has brought farmers close to the yield potential ceiling. By optimizing agronomic practices such as rotation, tillage, sowing date, and plant population density, farmers have achieved high levels of nitrogen use efficiency and substantial yields. This case underscores the importance of fine-tuning existing practices within standardized systems to maximize yield potential (Phuphisith et al., 2021).

6.3 Evaluation of farmers' practices and the effectiveness of promotion

In Northern Thailand, smallholder highland maize farmers have adopted more sustainable cultivation practices, such as avoiding prohibited chemicals, but have been less effective in post-management practices like residue management. The study suggests that additional support from the government, including waste disposal facilities and policy engagement, could enhance the adoption of comprehensive sustainable practices among farmers (Marcillo and Miguez, 2017).

A study in Jiangsu Province, China, developed a method to analyze yield gaps among smallholder farmers. By identifying key cultivation measures and reconstructing representative maize populations, the study highlighted the main factors causing yield gaps, such as plant density and fertilizer application rates. This approach provides a framework for promoting effective cultivation practices and narrowing yield gaps in regions dominated by smallholder farmers (Abbas et al., 2021).

7 Industrialization and Market Impact of Fresh Corn

7.1 The role of standardized cultivation systems in promoting industrial scale-up

Standardized cultivation systems play a crucial role in promoting the industrial scale-up of fresh-eating maize. These systems ensure consistent quality and yield, which are essential for large-scale production and market reliability. In Guangxi, the lack of standardized cultivation technology has been identified as a significant constraint to the industrialization of freshly consumable corn. By optimizing and extending high-quality cultivation technology, the industry can overcome these barriers and achieve greater scale and efficiency (Yost et al., 2017). Additionally, precision agriculture systems, which include practices like no-till farming, cover crops, and site-specific nutrient management, have shown to reduce temporal yield variation and increase yield stability, further supporting industrial scale-up (Li, 2024b).

7.2 The impact of improved fresh corn quality on market competitiveness

Improved quality of fresh corn significantly enhances its market competitiveness. High-quality fresh corn, characterized by superior taste, aroma, and color, meets consumer preferences and can command higher market prices. Effective post-harvest handling is essential to maintain these quality attributes and reduce losses, which are critical for market success. Sweet corn, for instance, is highly perishable and requires meticulous post-harvest management to preserve its sweetness and prevent dehydration and fungal growth (Becerra-Sanchez and Taylor, 2021). The implementation of quality standard systems for processing agricultural products can further ensure that the fresh corn meets market expectations, thereby boosting its competitiveness (Suryani et al., 2019).

7.3 Support from agricultural policies and market demand for technological advancement

Agricultural policies and market demand play pivotal roles in driving technological advancements in fresh corn production. In regions like Guangxi, strengthening support for the industrialization of freshly consumable corn through policy measures can address various constraints such as the shortage of high-quality corn varieties and the need for better cultivation technologies (Barriviera et al., 2023). Moreover, market demand for sustainable and high-yield corn varieties, especially those resilient to climate change, encourages the adoption of advanced traits and technologies. For example, farmers in Italy have shown a willingness to pay for corn traits that offer high yield potential and disease resistance, reflecting a market-driven push for technological improvements in seed breeding programs (Shundalov, 2022).

8 Future Directions and Trends

8.1 Integration of green agriculture and intelligent management technologies

The integration of green agriculture and intelligent management technologies is essential for the future of fresh-eating maize cultivation. Green agriculture practices, such as the use of organic fertilizers and biofertilizers, have shown to improve soil organic carbon and crop yield, thereby enhancing sustainability (Jia et al., 2020). Additionally, the application of remote sensing technology in maize cultivation can optimize resource use and increase yield. Intelligent management technologies, including crop modeling and decision support systems, can help farmers adapt to climate change by predicting future trends and assessing adaptation strategies (Chaplygin et al., 2020). These technologies can also facilitate the implementation of integrated nitrogen management, which has been proven to improve productivity and economic returns in maize cropping systems.

8.2 Sustainable development pathways for fresh corn cultivation systems

Sustainable development pathways for fresh corn cultivation systems involve adopting practices that reduce environmental impact while maintaining high productivity. In China, two main pathways have been identified: the 'indigenous innovation' pathway, which focuses on RandD-intensive technologies for agricultural intensification, and the 'alternative' pathway, which emphasizes improved management practices and agro-ecological research. Both pathways aim to address the negative impacts of current food production and consumption patterns on biodiversity, climate, and water resources. Additionally, the integration of crop-livestock systems has been shown to increase crop diversity and productivity, contributing to the sustainability of maize cultivation (Hunt et al., 2021). Adaptive agricultural strategies, such as deficit irrigation and controlled water stress, can also support maize production in challenging environments, ensuring food security amid climate change.

8.3 Key areas for future research

Key areas for future research in fresh-eating maize cultivation include the development of climate adaptation strategies, the optimization of irrigation practices, and the enhancement of nutrient management. Research on climate adaptation strategies, such as adjusting planting dates and irrigation schedules, is crucial for mitigating the negative effects of climate change on maize yield. Further studies on the impact of different irrigation regimes on maize productivity and water use efficiency can help identify the most effective practices for various environmental conditions. Additionally, exploring the benefits of integrated nitrogen management and the use of organic and biofertilizers can provide insights into sustainable nutrient management practices that improve soil health and crop yield (Kondratieva et al., 2022). These research areas will contribute to the development of resilient and sustainable maize cultivation systems.

9 Concluding Remarks

Standardized cultivation systems play a crucial role in advancing the fresh corn industry by optimizing resource use efficiency and enhancing crop productivity. For instance, the implementation of plastic mulching ridges with furrow planting (RF) has been shown to significantly improve biomass and nitrogen accumulation, leading to higher grain yields and better water use efficiency (WUE) compared to traditional cultivation methods. These systems not only enhance seeding emergence and prolong the seed filling duration but also reduce evapotranspiration rates, thereby achieving higher resource use efficiency (RUE) and agronomic efficiency. By adopting such standardized practices, the fresh corn industry can achieve more consistent and higher-quality yields, which is essential for meeting the growing demand for fresh corn.

The advancement of the fresh corn industry is further propelled by the synergistic development of technology promotion, policy support, and research collaboration. Research has shown that combining genotypic improvements with management practices can lead to significant increases in crop yields, particularly in challenging environments such as rainfed regions. This synergy is achieved through innovations in soil water conservation, crop diversity, and optimized nitrogen fertilizer application, which collectively enhance water productivity and yield stability. Additionally, the use of advanced agricultural machinery and remote sensing technology in corn cultivation has been instrumental in improving efficiency and reducing labor costs. Policy support that encourages the adoption of these technologies and fosters collaboration among agronomists, physiologists, and crop breeders is essential for sustaining these advancements and ensuring their widespread implementation.

Looking forward, the prospects for enhancing efficient and high-quality fresh corn production are promising, driven by continuous innovations in cultivation practices and technology. The development of water-saving strategies, such as the RF system with optimized nitrogen rates, offers a viable solution for achieving higher productivity in dryland cultivation regions. Furthermore, the integration of remote sensing technology and advanced agricultural machinery can further streamline cultivation processes and improve yield quality. Ongoing research and collaboration among various stakeholders will be crucial in identifying and overcoming production constraints, thereby accelerating the adoption of these innovative practices and ensuring the sustainable growth of the fresh corn industry.

Acknowledgments

I would like to sincerely thank Dr. Wang for his help and for his careful guidance and support in the research process.

Conflict of Interest Disclosure

The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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